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Women and Islamic Law in a Non-Muslim State

A Study Based on Decisions of the Sharīʻa Courts in Israel

This book is methodologically unique in scholarly literature on Muslim society. Its originality lies in the fact that the rich material offered by the shari'a courts is given a thorough analysis with a view to drawing conclusions about the present-day phenomena in Arab society and processes that the society has been undergoing in modern times. Aharon Layish examines every aspect of the social status of Muslim women that fi nds expression in the shari'a courts: the age of marriage, stipulations inserted in the marriage contract, dower, polygamy, maintenance and obedience, divorce, custody of the children, guardianship, and succession. Each chapter opens with a short legal introduction based on all the sources of law applying in shari'a courts, followed by social analyses and a study of the attitudes and approaches of the qadis, or Muslim religious judges. Layish examines the relationship between shari'a and Israeli legislation: Do shari'a courts have regard to the provisions of Israeli law? What is the relationship between shari'a and social custom, and which is decisive in regard to Israeli Muslim women? To what extent does Israeli law actually affect Israeli Muslim women? What is the attitude of the qadis toward Israeli legislation? Women and Islamic Law in a Non-Muslim State is an important and original study that will be of interest to students and scholars of Islamic law, comparative law, sociology, and modernization. "I found the book both informative and suggestive. Not only does it provide specifi c information about the problems involved in the application and manipulation of a number of different legal codes dealing with family roles and relationships, but it throws some light on the evolution of the traditional, patrilineal, patriarchal family in its adaptation to an alien sociopolitical environment. This subject lies at the very heart of all studies of the global process called 'modernization.'"-Amal Rassam, American Journal of Sociology

Islamic law recognizes dissolution of a marriage without legal proceedings. The
right to this mode of divorce (talaq) is reserved to the husband. The wife is a
passive party to such a divorce; her consent is irrelevant. The husband may
divorce her in her presence or in her absence; the sharfa court has no standing in
a talaq divorce. The wife is thus under a permanent threat of divorce, whereas the
husband is liable to no legal sanction, although arbitrary divorce is disapproved
by the ...

Evaluating the Complex

Attribution, Contribution, and Beyond

In the economic atmosphere following the crisis of 2008, not only have governments reacted by creating more complex policy initiatives, but they have also promised that all of these initiatives will be evaluated. Due to the complexity of many of the initiatives, the ways of evaluating are becoming equally complex. The book begins with a theoretical and conceptual explanation of the process and shows how this translates into the practice of evaluation. The chapters cover a wide variety of subjects, such as poverty, homelessness, smoking prevention, HIV/AIDS, and child labor. The use of case studies sheds light on the conceptual ideas at work in organizations addressing some of the world’s largest and most varied problems. The evaluation process seeks a balance between order and chaos. The interaction of four elements—simplicity, inventiveness, flexibility, and specificity—allows complex patterns to emerge. The case studies illustrate this framework and provide a number of examples of practical management of complexity, in light of contingency theories of the evaluation process itself. These theories in turn match the complexity of evaluated policies, strategies, and programs. The evaluation process is examined for its impact on policy outcomes and choices.

Implications of Complicated and Complex Characteristics for Key Tasks in
Evaluation Patricia J. Rogers “Complex problems have simple, easy to
understand, wrong answers.” Henry Louis Mencken “Life is really simple, but we
insist on ...

Medical Careers and Feminist Agendas

American, Scandinavian, and Russian Women Physicians

The increasing proportion of women in the medical profession has been followed keenly both by conservative and feminist observers during the past three decades. Statistics both in Europe and in the United States tend to confirm that women work mainly in niches of the health care system or medical specialties characterized by relatively low earnings or prestige. The segregation of medical work has become increasingly recognized as a sign of inequality between female and male members of the medical profession. Medicine as a social organization is not a universal structure: Health care systems vary in the extent to which physicians work in the private or public sector and in the extent to which they have as a corporate body been able to influence their numbers and the character of their work. The aim of this book is not only to review and to provide an account of women's position in medicine but also to provide an analytical framework. The text revolves around three key issues that illuminate this argument: numbers, medical practice, and feminist agendas of women physicians. The issues are addressed in all the chapters but highlighted as central analytical themes in a cross-cultural context. Challenging previous studies of the medical profession, which have assumed for the most part a gender-neutral stance, Riska's text provides a unique focus. Medical Careers and Feminist Agendas presents a comprehensive, cross-national analysis of the current status of women in three societies where the economics of medical practice vary considerably: a market society, a welfare state, and a formerly communist society in transition. Aimed at a wide audience, this book will be useful for years to come in medical sociology, the sociology of professions, and women's studies. Its historical breadth, current data, and trenchant probing will furnish practitioners and policy-makers alike with a needed analytical tool. Elianne Riska is Academy Professor of the Academy of Finland, and von Willebrand-Fahlbeck Professor of Sociology at bo Academi University, Finland. She was formerly assistant and then associate professor of sociology in the Department of Sociology and College of Human Medicine at Michigan State University. Her earlier published work includes Gender, Work, and Medicine and Gendered Moods.

The aim of this book is not only to review and to provide an account of women's position in medicine but also to provide an analytical framework.

Strategic Options for the Early 80's: What Can Be Done?

Materiale fra en konference i Juni 1978, sponsoreret af National Strategy Information Center på baggrund af arbejde fra en uafhængig studiegruppe, Strategic Alternatives Team. Konferencen faldt sted under SALT II debaten.

... faced.8 There must be a conviction at the top that military power is important;
perhaps that it can be used to economic as ... This course of action would
increase Russian dependence upon the West; it would not solve the oil shortage-
import ... How might economic imperatives supplement other imperialist drives,
and how.

Successful Management in the Digital Age

Successful Management in the Digital Age examines key factors for success in today’s business environment—finding markets, being vigilant for new trends and changes, exploiting opportunities, and overcoming obstacles. While acknowledging the benefits of technological advances in some areas, John Harte shows how artificial intelligence is limited and often imperfect. Becoming thoughtlessly dependent on it may replace the far more rewarding benefits of human ingenuity, creativity and innovation. For Harte, organizational complacency is one of the prime causes of business inertia. It often results from past successes that create an illusion of wisdom and invulnerability which blinds leaders to warning signs. De-industrialization is just one example of a movement that led to the present market stagnation. Harte reminds executives and entrepreneurs of the basic formula for success in any business—producing a product or service that people want, and providing it at the right time for the right price, in order to make a suitable profit. He warns us to resist temptations of the digital era, such as automation that results in over-production and market saturation, outsourcing that risks losing customers, and losing control of brands and markets by needless offshoring.

And often, after resorting to a health diet, and even indulging in a detox, the
customer may feel like she is a goddess. So it pays to treat her like one. Stores in
Japan know this and engage a hostess to bow low to each customer who enters,
 ...

Transmigration in Indonesia

An Empirical Analysis of Motivation, Expectations and Experiences

The smooth and successful integration of transmigrants is a challenge for the
thinly populated province of East Kalimantan, which will become one of the most
important receiving areas, according to official plans. Within the framework of ...