Sebanyak 460 item atau buku ditemukan

The UN Secretariat's Influence on the Evolution of Peacekeeping

Using a unique analytical framework, the UN Secretariat's Influence on the Evolution of Peacekeeping reveals deep insights in the UN's peacekeeping decision-making and shows that even international bureaucracies with limited autonomy can shape international politics.

3.2.2 Elementtwo: A definitionof influence When an international bureaucracy is
able toact autonomously, it doesnot necessarily exert an influence. The following
section setsouta conceptualisation of influence that consistsoftwo aspects: i) a ...

Game-Theoretic Models of the Political Influence of Interest Groups

In this chapter the topic of this book is introduced. Section 1. 1 provides a brief and rather general motivation for the scientific project undertaken here. Interest groups are a very popular object of scientific inquiry, and they received already considerable research attention from scholars in political science, as well as from researchers in economics. Necessarily, then, this book adds to a literature which is already quite developed. A detailed positioning in this literature of the theoretical material presented in this monograph will be given in Chapter 2. This second chapter will also, by means of a review of the empirical literature, provide a more general overview of the issues deemed to be important when studying the influence of interest groups on public policy. The outline of the entire book is described in greater detail in Section 1. 2. As most issues involved are more easily presented in later chapters, this introductory chapter is kept brief. 1. 1 MOTIVATION Substantial political power is often attributed to interest groups. Examples abound in both the economics and political science literature, as well as in journalistic accounts and popular publications. On many occasions the authors express concerns about the negative impact of interest groups on the democratic quality of government. "The interests of a small group are served at the expense of the interests of the general public, the taxpayers!", is an often heard popular complaint.

In this chapter the existing literature on the political influence of interest groups
will be reviewed and discussed. Section 2.1 provides a comprehensive overview
of the empirical literature. This overview yields an elaborate assessment of the ...

The Constitutional Protection and Regulation of Property and Its Influence on the Reform of Private Law and Landownership in South Africa and Germany

A Comparative Analysis

The degree to which the traditional concept of property can be adjusted in order to accommodate basic constitutional concepts such as freedom and social duty, is analysed by the author. The focus is placed on recent reforms in the land law of Germany and South Africa. Remarkable similarities in the history, structure and interpretation of German and South African property law and constitutional law are indicated and a link between private law, constitutional law, land reform and legal comparison is established. This is of particular significance for the implementation of the constitutional objectives of land reform by the South African judiciary and legislature. It furthermore provides an overview of the intricate system of constitutional property protection that has been developed in German law.

Handbook of Marriage and the Family

In a thoroughgoing revision of the first edition of this classic text and reference, published by Plenum in 1987, the editors have assembled a distinguished group of contributors to address such topics as past, present, and future perspectives on family diversity; theory and methods of the family; changing family patterns and roles; the family and other institutions; and family dynamics and processes.

In contrast, birth order has no significant effect on such achievement apart from
the higher probability of being in a smaller family if ... Government spending on
Social Security for the elderly may be offset by reduced transfers from children to
their ... expenditures away from the favored (by the government program)
children toward other children and/or themselves. ... the 1960s, especially the
Perry Preschool Study, and found that, although these programs had no
permanent effect on IQ, ...

The Influence of International Institutions on the EU

When Multilateralism hits Brussels

An exploration of how the EU is influenced by multilateral institutions. There has recently been a dramatic increase in interaction between the EU and multilateral institutions. This book shows that international institutions shape EU policies, as well as acting as a source of preferences and strategies for EU stances internationally.

The Influence of the United Nations on theEuropean Union's Financial Sanctions
Regime Sarah Léonard and Christian Kaunert 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The EU's
financial sanctions regime 7.3 The influenceofthe UN overtheEU's
financialsanctions ...

The Influence of Ethyl Alcohol on the Development of the Chondrocranium of Gallus gallus

According to Jones and Smith (1973) the potential adverse effect of maternal alcoholism on the development of the offspring has been referred to in early Greek and Roman mythology. In a Carthaginian ritual, the bridal couple was forbidden to drink wine on their wedding night in order that defective children might not be conceived (Haggard and Jellinek 1942). Also, according to lones and Smith (1973,1975), the British House of Commons indicated in 1834, in a report by a select committee investigating drunk enness, that infants born to alcoholic mothers sometimes had a starved, shrivelled and imperfect look. According to Librizzi (1982) the first documented observations appeared in 1849 with the publication of the essay by Carpenter entitled "The Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Liquors in Health and Disease". He stated that habitual intemperance is the most potent of all causes of insanity because it aggravates the operation in other causes. Sullivan (1990) recorded increased abortion and stillbirth rates among chronically al coholic mothers in a Liverpool prison and an increased incidence of epilepsy in their surviving offspring. Various investigators including Ladraque (1901), Roe (1944). Le comte (1950), Christiaens et al. (1960) and Lemoine et al. (1967) have since then reported increased incidence of abnormalities and decreased weight of surviving children born to chronic alcoholic mothers.

In this study the influence of the teratogenic agent ethyl alcohol on the early
development of the chondrocranium of Gallus gallus was studied. The results
from Vorster (1989) proved useful asa controlfor this undertaking. Therelevant
historical ...

The Effects of Standardized Testing

When George Bernard Shaw wrote his play, Pygmalion, he could hardly have foreseen the use of the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy in debates about standardized testing in schools. Still less could he have foreseen that the validity of the concept would be examined many years later in Irish schools. While the primary purpose of the experimental study reported in this book was not to investigate the Pygmalion effect, it is inconceivable that a study of the effects of standardized testing, conceived in the 1960s and planned and executed in the 1970s, would not have been influenced by thinking about teachers' expectations and the influence of test information on the formation of those expectations. While our study did pay special attention to teacher expectations, its scope was much wider. It was planned and carried out in a much broader framework, one in which we set out to examine the impact of a standardized testing program, not just on teachers, but also on school practices, students, and students' parents.

Similarly, Ravitz concluded that “the real damage of the IQ test isits subtle
influence upon the mind of the teacher. Teachers, often unconsciously, expect
the level of performance from the child that his IQ indicated” (1963, pp. 15–16).
We might ...

The Philosophy of Information Quality

This work fulfills the need for a conceptual and technical framework to improve understanding of Information Quality (IQ) and Information Quality standards. The meaning and practical implementation of IQ are addressed, as it is relevant to any field where there is a need to handle data and issues such as accessibility, accuracy, completeness, currency, integrity, reliability, timeliness, usability, the role of metrics and so forth are all a part of Information Quality. In order to support the cross-fertilization of theory and practice, the latest research is presented in this book. The perspectives of experts from beyond the origins of IQ in computer science are included: library and information science practitioners and academics, philosophers of information, of engineering and technology, and of science are all contributors to this volume. The chapters in this volume are based on the work of a collaborative research project involving the Arts and Humanities Research Council and Google and led by Professor Luciano Floridi, University of Oxford. This work will be of interest to anyone handling data, including those from commercial, public, governmental and academic organizations. The expert editors’ contributions introduce issues of interest to scientists, database curators and philosophers, even though the issues may be disguised in the language and examples common to a different discipline.

IQ Dimensions – How many dimensions are considered in the literature to
capture the multifaceted character of the concept of IQ? ... Considering the
diversity of data to be considered, does the type of information representation
influence IQ?

Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy

Integrating the perspectives of a number of disciplines, this work examines social referencing in infants within the broader contexts of cognition, social relations, and human society as a whole.

More specifically, when we examine the direct effects of information seeking and
vocalization on child information seeking, vocalization, and IQ with indirect effects
held constant, we note that these relations tend to be of greater magnitude than ...

The Unified Learning Model

On the other hand, very strong environmental influences also are measured. For
example, massive IQ gains have been found for several countries over the span
of one generation.8 It is hard to see how these gains could have occurred if, ...