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Cathodic Protection of Underground Steel Pipelines by Using Sacrificial Anodes

Underground corrosion may cause serious damage to the underground steel pipelines structure. Cathodic protection (CP) method is the most important in order to prevent underground corrosion. In this project, Cathodic Protection by using sacrificial anodes technique will be used to the underground steel pipeline. In this project a study of the performance of magnesium and zinc anodes have been carried out. Besides that, in order to know the effect of coating to the corrosion rate, the specimens of steel pipe have been coats using paint. All of the specimens were buried in the soil with depth 0.2m, pH 5.49. Each sample undergoes underground exposure for 28 days before the surface morphology investigation was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). After the exposure period, cleaning process for all specimens follows prior to the final analysis. Corrosion rates were calculated using weight loss methods for all of the specimens. Magnesium sacrificial anode gives better protection to the steel pipe compare to the zinc anode. The result of the corrosion rate for cathodically protected coated steel pipe by using magnesium anode was lowest which is 0.80 mpy compared to the cathodically protected coated steel pipe with sacrificial zinc anode, the corrosion rate is 2.32 mpy. The result for coated steel pipe without using any anode is 2.71 mpy. The magnesium anode performance yield similar result to the cathodicaly protected for uncoated steel pipe. The corrosion rate for coated steel pipe is around 0.80 mpy to 2.71 mpy which is lowest compare to corrosion rate for uncoated steel pipe is around 9.86 mpy to 15.68 mpy. Surface morphology examinations indicate the type of corrosion occurred on the steel pipe was uniform corrosion and galvanic corrosion. In conclusion, the conjoint use of cathodic protection and coating takes advantage of the most attractive features of each method of corrosion control. Magnesium anodes proves to be more practical anode in applying Cathodic Protection for underground steel pipelines.

Underground corrosion may cause serious damage to the underground steel pipelines structure.

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Theories and Issues in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages in K-12 Classrooms

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Al-Iytima al-istisari l-'arabi li-Barnamay al-Taydid al-Tarbawi min ayl al-Tanmiya Pi l-Duwal al 'Arabiyya (IBDAS)

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Bercermin ke belakang, menatap ke depan

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Matahari Putra Prima, Tanggerang Ratusan buruh dari dua perusahaan, PT.
Raymond dan Matahari Departemen Store Depan Menara Matahari, Boulevard
Lippo Karawaci, Tanggerang Kantor Departemen Tenaga Kerja, Jakarta
November ...

Development of High Thermal Building Nano-insulation Material Using Pu Nanocomposites for Roofing Application

Polyurethanes (PUs) are one of the most versatile classes of materials today and their demand as a high thermal insulator material continues to grow. The widespread application of PUs necessitates understanding the chemistry elements that improve the thermal stability and mechanical strength as these are crucial prerequisites to obtain the high performance of thermal insulator material for the structures and buildings. The first part of the experiment focuses on the modification of pristine clay with Transition Metal Ions (TMIs), Copper and Ferum using methanol solvent. The objectives of surface modification of pristine clay is due to the incompatibility between hydrophilic clay and hydrophobic polymer. After these modifications, the samples of organoclay are characterized using some sophisticated methods like Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). FTIR and FESEM results illustrated modified nanoclays had smoother surfaces of pristine clay or montmorillonite (MMT) which proved that modification has taken place successfully. The samples then tested by Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA) and Tensile Test to measure their thermal and mechanical properties respectively. Both the thermal stability and mechanical strength showed positive improvements. Thermal stability is hypothesized to have increased significantly, due to the transition metal ions hindering the pristine clay within the polymer matrices from decomposing easily. The stronger interfacial interaction causes to the increasing of stress at break and the weak interfacial forces may lead to some decreasing of stress at break for nanocomposite. Further research will be required to commercialize findings.

The widespread application of PUs necessitates understanding the chemistry elements that improve the thermal stability and mechanical strength as these are crucial prerequisites to obtain the high performance of thermal insulator material ...