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Electronic Commerce in Islamic Law

From Theory to Practical Application

The adoption of the World Wide Web in conducting commercial activities has given rise to many legal issues; one being online contacts. Concerns have risen to question the aptness pertaining to existing commercial rules/laws. This book attempts to mitigate such concerns primarily from Islamic legal perspective. What needs to be born in mind is that Islamic law must be followed on every aspect of life including business. The often quoted 'Islamic law is relevant for all time and places' might be challenged with the rapid development of technology in the recent times and especially with the invention of the Internet. The Islamic commercial law was developed a long time ago; hence, the possible application of it to accommodate the complex nature of conducting commercial activities over the internet is questionable. This work is an attempt to discuss whether the rules of Islamic law are aptly competent to fit in the electronic contract in a way that is consistent with the development of electronic commerce globally.

This work is an attempt to discuss whether the rules of Islamic law are aptly competent to fit in the electronic contract in a way that is consistent with the development of electronic commerce globally.

Reward and Punishment in Human Learning

Elements of a Behavior Theory

Reward and Punishment in Human Learning: Elements of a Behavior Theory provides a different approach to the study of reward and punishment, emphasizing what is learned when a response is rewarded and how does this differ from what is learned when a response is punished. This book discusses the distortions in impressions of success, accuracy in recall of reward and punishment, and determinants of outcome-recall. The role of open-task attitudes in motor learning, effects of isolated punishments, and structural isolation in the closed-task situation are also elaborated. This publication is intended for psychologists, but is also helpful to teachers, executives, prison officials, psychotherapists, and parents.

PREFACE The roles of reward and punishment in shaping human and animal
behavior have long been subjects of study by ... or to modify the behavior of
others—that is, persons such as teachers, executives, prison officials,
psychotherapists, and, ... The approach taken in this volume is indicated by a
different question, once regarded as of fundamental importance in ... by the first
author (Nuttin, 1947; 1949, 1964), this is the first English presentation for most of
this material, PREFACE.

An Introduction to Discourse Analysis

Theory and Method

Discourse analysis considers how language, both spoken and written, enacts social and cultural perspectives and identities. In this book, James Paul Gee introduces the field and presents his unique integrated approach to it. Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, the author presents both a theory of language-in-use and a method of research. Clearly structured and written in a highly accessible style, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis incorporates perspectives from a variety of approaches and disciplines, including applied linguistics, education, psychology, anthropology and communication to help students and scholars from a range of backgrounds to formulate their own views on discourse and engage in their own discourse analysis. The second edition has been completely revised and updated and contains substantial new material and examples of oral and written language, ranging from group discussions with children, adults, students and teachers to conversations, interviews, academic texts and policy documents.

... analysis; discourse models; discourse situations ebonics 47—8 echo, principle
of the 162, 163 ellipsis as cohesive ... 1 38 grammar: backgrounding 3—4;
clauses and participants 182—5; cohesion 191 — 3; in communication 182-93; ...

Sign Language Interpreting

Theory and Practice in Australia and New Zealand

This established textbook, now in its 2nd edition, concentrates on demonstrating how international best practice can operate in the specific local conditions in Australia and New Zealand.The authors expertise as leading Australasian sign language interpreter educators and practitioners, ensures their book integrates a deep knowledge of current international best practice into local conditions for sign language interpreting. This distinguishes it from other international texts on sign language interpreting which tend to reflect different linguistic, professional and training experiences and environments.Sign Language Interpreting provides an updated overview of the profession in Australia and New Zealand, introducing contemporary theoretical and applied aspects of interpreting practice. Drawing upon international and local sources, it discusses the interpreting process, the role of the interpreter, professionalism and ethics, as well as challenges and strategies for working in particular settings, and using specialist interpreting skills. Each chapter includes thought questions that guide readers to reflect on the information and issues presented.This book is a valuable resource for sign language and interpreting students, interpreters entering the profession, as well as a reference book for sign language interpreter practitioners, trainers and researchers.

Each chapter includes thought questions that guide readers to reflect on the information and issues presented.This book is a valuable resource for sign language and interpreting students, interpreters entering the profession, as well as a ...

Literature, Analytically Speaking

Explorations in the Theory of Interpretation, Analytic Aesthetics, and Evolution

In a new approach to interdisciplinary literary theory, Literature, Analytically Speaking integrates literary studies with analytic aesthetics, girded by neo-Darwinian evolution. Scrutinizing narrative fiction through a lens provided by analytic philosophy, revered literary theorist Peter Swirski puts new life into literary theory while fashioning a set of practical guidelines for critics in the interpretive trenches. Dismissing critical inquirers who deny intention its key role in the study of literary reception, Swirski extends the defense of intentionality to art and to human behavior in general. In the process, Swirski takes stock of the recent work in evolutionary theory, arguing that the analysis of narrative truth may be grounded in the neo-Darwinian paradigm which forms the empirical backbone behind his analytic approach. Literature, Analytically Speaking provides a series of precepts designed to capture the ways in which we do interpret (and ought to interpret) works of literature. Reflecting a resounding shift from the poststructuralist paradigm, Swirski's lively and colorful presentation, backed up by a dazzling variety of examples and case studies, reconceptualizes the aesthetics of literature and literary studies.

Much as with analytic aesthetics, mastering a new body of knowledge—
especially one prospected by such a dizzying variety of natural scientific and
social scientific disciplines as evolution—is fraught with pitfalls. From the
pioneering studies ...

International Marketing

Strategy and Theory

Marketing is a universal activity that is widely applicable, regardless of the political, social or economic systems of a particular country. However, this doesn't mean that consumers in different parts of the world should be satisfied in the same way. The fifth edition of International Marketing has been written to enable managers and scholars to meet the international challenges they face every day. It provides the solid foundation required to understand the complexities of marketing on a global scale. Fully updated, this book includes topical case studies, examples of contemporary marketing campaigns, the most relevant discussion topics and up-to-date theories, references and research findings. It is this combination of theory and practice that makes this textbook truly unique, presenting a fully rounded view of the topic rather than solely an anecdotal or descriptive one. A companion website provides additional material for lecturers and students alike: www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415772624.

Richard G. Netemeyer, Srinivas Durvasula, and Donald R. Lichtenstein, “A Cross
-national Assessment of the Reliability and Validity of the CETSCALE,” Journal of
Marketing Research 28 (August 1991): 320–7. Erdener Kaynak and Ali Kara, ...

Reflective Interviewing

A Guide to Theory and Practice

Qualitative researchers have long made use of many different interview forms. Yet, for novice researchers, making the connections between "theory" and "method" is not always easy. This book provides a theoretically-informed guide for researchers learning how to interview in the social sciences. In order to undertake quality research using qualitative interviews, a researcher must be able to theorize the application of interviews to investigate research problems in social science research. As part of this process, researchers examine their subject positions in relation to participants, and examine their interview interactions systematically to inform research design. This book provides a practical approach to interviewing, helping researchers to learn about themselves as interviewers in ways that will inform the design, conduct, analysis and representation of interview data. The author takes the reader through the practicalities of designing and conducting an interview study, and relates various forms of interview to different underlying epistemological assumptions about how knowledge is produced. The book concludes with practical advice and perspectives from experienced researchers who use interviews as a method of data generation. This book is written for a multidisciplinary audience of students of qualitative research methods.

This book provides a theoretical guide for researchers learning how to interview in the social sciences.