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Modern Solid State Fermentation

Theory and Practice

“Modern Solid State Fermentation: Theory and Practice” covers state-of-the-art studies in the field of solid state fermentation (SSF). In terms of different characteristics of microbial metabolites, this book catalogs SSF into two main parts: anaerobic and aerobic SSF. Based on the principles of porous media and strategies of process control and scale-up, which are introduced in the book, it not only presents a well-founded explanation of essence of solid state fermentation, but also their influence on microbial physiology. In addition, due to the rapid development of this field in recent years, inert support solid state fermentation is also examined in detail. At last, the modern solid state fermentation technology platform is proposed, which will be used in solid biomass bioconversion. This book is intended for biochemists, biotechnologists and process engineers, as well as researchers interested in SSF. Dr. Hongzhang Chen is a Professor at Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Abstract Since its inception, solid-state fermentation has provided many daily
necessities for human beings. However, at present, solid-state fermentation is
developing slowly because of an absence of understanding of its essence and
the ...

Introduction to Solid-State Theory

Introduction to Solid-State Theory is a textbook for graduate students of physics and materials science. It also provides the theoretical background needed by physicists doing research in pure solid-state physics and its applications to electrical engineering. The fundamentals of solid-state theory are based on a description by delocalized and localized states and - within the concept of delocalized states - by elementary excitations. The development of solid-state theory within the last ten years has shown that by a systematic introduction of these concepts, large parts of the theory can be described in a unified way. At the same time, this form of description gives a "pictorial" formulation of many elementary processes in solids, which facilitates their understanding.

Each volume element of size (2n)3/Vt contains two states which, inside the Fermi
sphere at T=0, are occupied by electrons with opposite spin. of the Fermi sphere (
Fermi energy) : kF = (3n2n)l>3, E?=^Qn2nyi\ (2.9) 2.1.3 Excited States The ...

Physics of Solid-State Laser Materials

The invention of the laser has had a profound impact on the quality of our lives. Lasers are commonly being used in a multitude of diverse applications ranging from price scanners at the checkout counters of retail stores to a variety of medical surgery procedures. This graduate-level text presents the fundamental physics of solid-state lasers, including the basis of laser action and the optical and electronic properties of laser materials. The book is divided into two parts. The first section opens with a review of the quantum mechanics and solid-state physics, spectroscopy, and crystal field theory; it then treats the quantum theory of radiation, the emission and absorption of radiation, and nonlinear optics; it concludes with discussions of lattice vibrations and ion-ion interactions and of their effects on optical properties and laser action. The second section treats specific sold-state laser materials, the protypical ruby and Nd-YAG systems being treated in greatest detail; it concludes with a discussion of novel and non-standard materials.

Although many different types of lasers are used in today's applications, solid-
state lasers are always preferable if they are available with the desired operating
characteristics. For use outside the laboratory, it is desirable to have rugged, ...

Solid-State Laser Engineering

A revised and updated book dealing principally with the design and development of lasers. It is the only book available dealing exclusively with solid-state lasers. Emphasis is placed on engineering and practical considerations.

A number of different radiation sources have been employed over the years to
pump solid-state lasers; today only flashlamps, cw arc lamps, and laser diodes
depicted in Figs. 6.1 and 6.2 are of practical interest. Pump sources for solid-state
 ...

Physical Acoustics in the Solid State

Suitable for researchers and graduate students in physics and material science, "Physical Acoustics in the Solid State" reviews the modern aspects in the field, including many experimental results, especially those involving ultrasonics. Practically all fields of solid-state physics are covered: metals, semiconductors, magnetism, superconductivity, different kinds of phase transitions, low-dimensional systems, and the quantum Hall effect. After a review of the relevant experimental techniques and an introduction to the theory of elasticity, emphasizing the symmetry aspects, applications in the various fields of condensed matter physics are presented. Also treated are Brillouin-scattering results and results from thermodynamic investigations, such as thermal expansion and specific heat.

This is especially true for compounds with giant magneto-elastic coupling
constants, like heavy rare earth metals or the rare earth-iron Laves phase
compounds RFe-2 (see Sect. 5. 4). But thermal expansion and magneto-striction
are also ...

Advances in Solid State Physics 48

The 2008 Spring Meeting of the Arbeitskreis Festkörperphysik was held in Berlin, Germany, between February 24 and February 29, 2008 in conjunction with the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. The 2008 meeting was the largest physics meeting in Europe and among the largest physics meetings in the world in 2008.

Single crystalline Ni2MnGa(110)/Al2O3(1120) and Ni2MnGa(100)/MgO(100)
films show a martensitic transition from a cubic high temperature phase to a
martensitic low-temperature phase at 250–275 K as concluded from
magnetometry and ...

Solid-State Physics

Introduction to the Theory

While the standard solid state topics are covered, the basic ones often have more detailed derivations than is customary (with an empasis on crystalline solids). Several recent topics are introduced, as are some subjects normally included only in condensed matter physics. Lattice vibrations, electrons, interactions, and spin effects (mostly in magnetism) are discussed the most comprehensively. Many problems are included whose level is from "fill in the steps" to long and challenging, and the text is equipped with references and several comments about experiments with figures and tables.

Herzfield CM and Meijer PHE, “Group Theory and Crystal Field Theory,” Solid
State Physics, Advances in Research and Applications 12, 1-91 (1961). 1.11.
Horton GK, “Ideal Rare-Gas Crystals,” American Journal of Physics, 36(2), 93 (
1968).

Fundamentals of Solid State Engineering

Provides a multidisciplinary introduction to quantum mechanics, solid state physics, advanced devices, and fabrication Covers wide range of topics in the same style and in the same notation Most up to date developments in semiconductor physics and nano-engineering Mathematical derivations are carried through in detail with emphasis on clarity Timely application areas such as biophotonics , bioelectronics

The change of spatial configuration is just what polarization is in the classical
sense, and the transition into excited states is what we call absorption of energy
from the light beam. We shall now see how polarization and absorption can be ...

Solid State NMR Spectroscopy for Biopolymers

Principles and Applications

‘‘Biopolymers’’ are polymeric materials of biological origin, including globular, membrane, and fibrous proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, po- saccharides, lipids, etc. and their assembly, although preference to respe- ive subjects may be different among readers who are more interested in their biological significance or industrial and/or medical applications. Nevert- less, characterizing or revealing their secondary structure and dynamics may be an equally very important and useful issue for both kinds of readers. Special interest in revealing the 3D structure of globular proteins, nucleic acids, and peptides was aroused in relation to the currently active Structural Biology. X-ray crystallography and multidimensional solution NMR sp- troscopy have proved to be the standard and indispensable means for this purpose. There remain, however, several limitations to this end, if one intends to expand its scope further. This is because these approaches are not always straightforward to characterize fibrous or membrane proteins owing to extreme difficulty in crystallization in the former, and insufficient spectral resolution due to sparing solubility or increased effective molecular mass in the presence of surrounding lipid bilayers in the latter.

Conformation and dynamics of these fibrous proteins have been extensively
analyzed with preparations from natural abundance source by solid state NMR
since earlier days for development of solid state NMR as a complementary
means to ...

Advances in Solid State Physics

This Volume 44 of Advances in Solid State Physics contains the written versions of most of the invited lectures of the Spring Meeting of the Condensed Matter Physics section of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft held from March 8 to 12, 2004 in Regensburg, Germany. Many of the topical talks given at the numerous and very lively symposia are also included. They have covered extremely interesting and timely subjects. Thus the book truly reflects the status of the field of solid state physics in 2004, and indicates its importance, not only in Germany but also internationally.

Negative V shows the continuous dispersion for the empty states of the higher
Landau levels. However, the dispersion curve of the lowest level does not cross
the zero bias line continuously. Instead we observe a splitting AV ~ 4 mV of the ...