The idea of maslaha has a rich history in classical legal thought and literature. Conventionally translated into English as ‘general benefit’ or ‘general interest’, it has been the subject, over many centuries, of intense argument in Muslim legal manuals about how the concept should be constructed and how it might be interpreted. Some celebrated scholars have even elevated its status to an independent legal source; while other prominent jurists have spoken of the special strictures which need to be applied to maslaha when considering it within the overall framework of Islamic law. In this thorough and original treatment of the concept, Abdul Aziz bin Sattam offers the first sustained examination of one of the most important tenets of Sharia. Seeking to illuminate not only the intricacies of its application, but also the wider history which has shaped it, the author examines its foundations, theoretical underpinnings and the key debates in both classical and contemporary texts. His book will be a vital resource for all those with an interest in Islamic law, whether of the medieval or modern periods.
He sells them to an agricultural marketing company, making a profit of £100,000,
with minimal cost to himself; 2. He takes his produce to the marketplace where he
sells them, making a profit of £150,000. However, when the farmer considers ...
A modification to the Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) technique, a well reported non-coherent optical implementation is proposed. A Modified ACO-OFDM (MACO-OFDM) system is developed to improve system performance at the expense of spectral efficiency. A MACO-OFDM system model is defined underpinned by a detailed mathematical framework verified through Monte Carlo simulations. System performance is compared to that of conventional ACO-OFDM. A 1.5 dB saving is achieved in the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of 4-QAM ACO-OFDM after applying the proposed modification; the theoretical and simulation results are in good agreement. As the constellation size increases, the improvement in BER performance decreases. The research then treats the impact of atmospheric turbulence on the performance of both conventional ACO-OFDM and the proposed MACO-OFDM system. A Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) approach using multiple receivers is employed to mitigate the impact of atmospheric turbulence. The performance of MACO-OFDM outperforms that of ACO-OFDM by nearly 3 dB, 4 dB, and 5 dB as the number of receiving apertures (nRx) increases as 1, 2, and 4 respectively in weak atmospheric turbulence; in moderate turbulence the performance is improved by 2 dB, and 4.5 dB for nRx=2, and nRx=4; and in strong turbulence, the BER performance is enhanced by nearly 2 dB and 4 dB for nRx=2 and nRx=4. The channel capacity of MACO-OFDM has been shown to be half that of conventional ACO-OFDM. The capacity of SIMO MACO-OFDM architecture in atmospheric turbulent channel is evaluated.
A modification to the Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) technique, a well reported non-coherent optical implementation is proposed.
