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Custom in Islamic Law and Legal Theory

The Development of the Concepts of ?Urf and ??dah in the Islamic Legal Tradition

This book explores the relationship between custom and Islamic law and seeks to uncover the role of custom in the construction of legal rulings. On a deeper level, however, it deals with the perennial problem of change and continuity in the Islamic legal tradition (or any tradition for that matter).

This book is the first volume of a new series of original studies on Islamic law and
theology that clearly raise the bar for rigorous scholarship in the field of Islamic
Studies. The volumes of this series are chosen not only for their disciplined
methodology, exhaustive research, or academic authoritativeness, but for their
significant insight into the world of Islam as it was, is, and is likely to become. The
volumes are selected for their relevance to furtheringthe understanding ofthe
lived and the ...

The Islamic Law of War

Justifications and Regulations

Al-Dawoody examines the justifications and regulations for going to war in both international and domestic armed conflicts under Islamic law. He studies the various kinds of use of force by both state and non-state actors in order to determine the nature of the Islamic law of war.

Law. Introduction. Several scholars have pointed out that the classical Muslim
jurists paid the greatest part of their attention to the Islamic jus in bello (the rules
regulating the conduct of war) while paying little attention to the Islamic jus ad
bellum (the justifications for resorting to war).1 This observation holds true not
only for international wars, the subject of this chapter, but also for domestic or non
-international wars,2 discussed in chapter five. Contrary to the classical Muslim
jurists, ...

Disability in Islamic Law

The book analyzes attitudes to people with various disabilities based on Muslim jurists’ works in the Middle Ages and the modern era. Very little has been written so far on people with disabilities in a general Islamic context, much less in reference to Islamic law. The main contribution of the book is that it focuses on people with disabilities and depicts the place and status that Islamic law has assigned to them.

SUMMARY. A large variety of disabilities are mentioned in Islamic legal literature.
The disabilities which are relevant to each legal subject are listed, in addition to
suggested ways for how that particular disabled person can participate in a given
field of human activity addressed by the law. But the disabilities are always
mentioned as a matter of fact, as part of the reality that people are meant to live in
, as a result of the divine wisdom and planning with which Allah manages the
creation.

Japan’s Colonialism and Indonesia

The rise and fall of the Japanese empire constitutes one of the most dramatic episodes of modern history. Within the short span of fifty years Japan grew out of political backwardness into a position of tremendous power. Japan's rise to power challenged Europe's hegemony over Asia, but, paradoxically, it was Japan's fall that caused the irreparable ruin of the colonial system over Eastern lands. Japan went to war against the West under the battlecry of Asia's liberation from European colonialism. In reality, for forty years, beginning with her first war against China, she had striven to imitate this colonialism, as she had endeavoured to imitate the political, military and economic achievements of Europe. A thorough understanding of the imitative character of the Japanese Empire might well have induced the leaders of the nation to side with the conservative trend of political thought in the Western world in order to maintain the existing world-wide political system of which colonial rule was an accepted part. They might have understood that an adventurous, revolutionary policy was bound to result in grave dangers for their own state and most conservative structure. Japan might have continued to grow and to expand if she had succeeded to play the role of the legitimate heir to Europe's decaying power in Asia. By violently opposing that power, she undermined the very foun dations of her own rule outside the home-islands.

Muhammad Abdul Aziz. AND INDONESIA by M. A. AZIZ M. A. (Hist., Dacca), M.A.
(Int. Relations, Dacca), Ph.D. (Leyden) MARTINUS NIJHOFF | THE HAGUE /
1955 The Netherlands Institute of International Affairs is an unofficial and.
JAPAN'S COLONIALISM.

Islamic Law and Transnational Diplomatic Law

A Quest for Complementarity in Divergent Legal Theories

This book, in its effort to formulate compatibility between Islamic law and the principles of international diplomatic law, argues that the need to harmonize the two legal systems and have a thorough cross-cultural understanding amongst nations generally with a view to enhancing unfettered diplomatic cooperation should be of paramount priority.

'Azzam vehemently criticized this narration, “which people quote on the basis that
it is a hadith, is in fact a false, fabricated hadith that has no basis. It is only a
saying of Ibrahim Ibn Abi 'Abalah, one of the Successors, and it contradicts
textual evidence and reality.” He also quoted Ibn Taymiyyah as saying that “[t]his
hadith has no sources and nobody whomsoever in the field of Islamic knowledge
has narrated it.” See A. 'Azzam, Ilhaq bil Qalifah—Join the Caravan (1988), pp.
26–27 ...

Cooperative Communications and Networking

Technologies and System Design

Cooperative and relay communications have recently become the most widely explored topics in communications, whereby users cooperate in transmitting their messages to the destination, instead of conventional networks which operate independently and compete among each other for channel resources. As the field has progressed, cooperative communications have become a design concept rather than a specific transmission technology. This concept has revolutionized the design of wireless networks, allowing increased coverage, throughput, and transmission reliability even as conventional transmission techniques gradually reach their limits. Cooperative and relay technologies have also made their way toward next generation wireless standards, such as IEEE802.16 (WiMAX) or LTE, and have been incorporated into many modern wireless applications, such as cognitive radio and secret communications. Cooperative Communications and Networking: Technologies and System Design provides a systematic introduction to the fundamental concepts of cooperative communications and relays technology to enable engineers, researchers or graduate students to conduct advanced research and development in this area. Cooperative Communications and Networking: Technologies and System Design provides researchers, graduate students, and practical engineers with sufficient knowledge of both the background of cooperative communications and networking, and potential research directions.

With this book, we hope to provide a more systematic way into learning this
subject. Our interest in this topic initiated from our works on asynchronous and
opportunistic cooperative transmission schemes presented in the early 2000's. At
that time, we proposed and analyzed the so-called opportunistic large arrays (
OLA) system, where all users in the network can participate in the cooperation
and relay the source's message in an opportunistic and uncoor- dinated fashion,
whenever ...

Biologically Inspired Cooperative Computing

IFIP 19th World Computer Congress, TC 10: 1st IFIP International Conference on Biologically Inspired Cooperative Computing, August 21-24, 2006, Santiago, Chile

This volume presents proceedings from the 19th IFIP World Computer Congress in Santiago, Chile. The proceedings of the World Computer Congress are a product of the gathering of 2,000 delegates from more than 70 countries to discuss a myriad of topics in the ICT domain. Of particular note, this marks the first time that a World Computer Congress has been held in a Latin American country. Topics in this series include: The 4th International Conference on Theoretical Computer Science Education for the 21st Century- Impact of ICT and Digital Resources Mobile and Wireless Communication Networks Ad-Hoc Networking Network Control and Engineering for QoS, Security, and Mobility The Past and Future of Information Systems: 1976-2006 and Beyond History of Computing and Education Biologically Inspired Cooperative Computing Artificial Intelligence in Theory and Practice Applications in Artificial Intelligence Advanced Software Engineering: Expanding the Frontiers of Software For a complete list of the more than 300 titles in the IFIP Series, visit springer.com. For more information about IFIP, please visit ifip.org.

We present a socially inspired approach that allows agents in Multi-Agent
Systems to speed up their own learning process through communication.
Thereby, they are able to trade off impact of knowledge by mutation dependent
on the recent performance of the interacting agents. This is inspired by social
interaction of humans, where the opinions of experts have greater impact on the
overall opinion and are incorporated more exactly than those of newbies. The
approach is ...

Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design II

9th International Conference, CSCWD 2005, Coventry, UK, May 24-26, 2005, Revised Selected Papers

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, CSCWD 2005, held in Coventry, UK, in May 2005. The 65 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions during at least two rounds of reviewing and improvement.

9th International Conference, CSCWD 2005, Coventry, UK, May 24-26, 2005,
Revised Selected Papers Weiming Shen, Kuo-Ming Chao, Zongkai Lin, Jean-
Paul A. Barthès, Anne James. Global Scheduling in Learning Assessment Grid
Shengwen Yang and Meilin Shi Department of Computer Science and
Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China {yswen, ...

Engineering and Deployment of Cooperative Information Systems

First International Conference, EDCIS 2002, Beijing, China, September 17-20, 2002. Proceedings

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Engineering and Employment of Cooperative Information Systems, EDCIS 2002, held in Beijing, China, in September 2002. The 44 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 159 submissions. The papers are organized on topical sections on workflow, ontologies, semantic web, enterprise application integration, mobile agents, enterprise modelling, distributed systems, analysis, software engineering, architectures, transactions, coordination, and groupware.

Now, many technologies for e-commerce system have realized automated
negotiation strategy, like Case Base Reasoning [3]; various Artificial Intelligence
techniques have provided adaptive behavior for agent in the negotiation
mechanism, like Bayesian learning, Q-learning and other reinforcement learning
etc. based on neural networks [4]. But its shortcoming is that these strategies
require much longer training times. Y. Han, S. Tai, and D. Wikarski (Eds.): EDCIS
2002, LNCS 2480, ...

Cooperative Information Agents VII

7th International Workshop, CIA 2003, Helsinki, Finland, August 27-29, 2003, Proceedings

These are the proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Cooperative Information Agents (CIA 2003), held at the Sonera Conference Center in H- sinki, Finland, August 27–29, 2003. It was co-located with the 4th Agentcities Information Days. One key challenge of developing advanced agent-based information systems is to balance the autonomy of networked data and knowledge sources with the pot- tial payo? of leveraging them by the appropriate use of intelligent information agents on the Internet. An information agent is a computational software entity thathasaccesstooneormultiple,heterogeneous,anddistributeddataandinf- mation sources; proactively searches for and maintains relevant information on behalfofitshumanusersorotheragents,preferablyjust-in-time. Inotherwords, it is managing and overcoming the di?culties associated with information ov- load in the open and exponentially growing Internet and Web. Depending on the application and tasks at hand information agents may collaborate in open, n- worked data and information environments to provide added value to a variety of applications in di?erent domains. Thus, research and development of inf- mation agents is inherently interdisciplinary: It requires expertise in information retrieval, arti?cial intelligence, database systems, human-computer interaction, and Internet and Web technology. Initiated in 1997, the purpose of the annual international workshop series on cooperativeinformationagents(CIA)istoprovideaninterdisciplinaryforumfor researchers, software developers, and managers to get informed about, present, anddiscussthelatesthigh-qualityresultsinadvancementsoftheoryandpractice in information agent technology for the Internet and Web. Each event of this renowned series attempts to capture the intrinsic interdisciplinary nature of this research area by calling for contributions from di?erent research communities, and by promoting open and informative discussions on all related topics.

7th International Workshop, CIA 2003, Helsinki, Finland, August 27-29, 2003,
Proceedings Matthias Klusch, Sascha Ossowski, Andrea Omicini, Heimo
Laamanen. Exchanging Advice and Learning to Trust Lu ́ıs Nunes1,2 and
Eugénio Oliveira2 1 ISCTE, Av. Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal,
Luis.