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A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan, 1863-1901

Afghanistan emerged as a nation-state after Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan consolidated the central authority in its most formative period of its history in the late nineteenth century. All this at a time when the two expanding Russian and British empires were approaching Afghanistan in what is known as the Great Game for mastery over the Central Asian states.

Sardar Mohammad Ayyub Khan at Herat After having spent four years and four
months in Mashhad, in Persia, where he "cultivated a great taste for politics,
history and poetry" Sardar Mohammad Ayyub Khan (b. 1858) returned to Herat
with the permission of the shah of Persia, and in possession of seventy- five-
thousand Persian qirans (roughly half of rupees). He had gone to Mashhad after
his father, Amir Sher cAli Khan, had imprisoned his full-brother, Sardar
Mohammad Ya'qub ...