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God of Battles

Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam

Peter Partner shows how the ideal of the crusade, "God's War", came to permeate medieval Christendom, and how it influenced later Western societies. Above all, this book examines the fear that Islamic fundamentalism excites in the west and warns against allowing crusading war propaganda to affect our judgment today. 24 illustrations. Maps.

CHAPTER THREE Islam and War In the early years of the seventh Christian
century, a member of a merchant family of the city of Mecca in South Arabia
named Muhammad began to be visited by divine messages. They told him to rise
and to warn those around him to change their lives to conform with the
revelations being made to him by Allah, or his messenger. Muhammad once
described some of his revelations as coming from 'behind a veil':1 he was thus in
the literal sense, as the ...

Key Beliefs, Ultimate Questions and Life Issues

This is a revision guide for GCSE Religious Studies AQA B, option 2B. The checklists at the end of the chapter highlight areas that need more revision, as well as helping students plan their work.

The significance of Muhammad. • The nature and significance of the Qur'an. • The
attributes of Allah. • The concept of tawhid. • Beliefs about life after death. • The
Five Pillars of Islam. The word 'Islam' means 'submission' or 'surrender' to Allah (
God). Followers of Islam are Muslims ('one who has surrendered to Allah'). There
are over 1 billion Muslims in the world. There are two main streams - Sunni (the
largest) and Shi'ite. beware Do not call Muslims 'Islams'. Origins Muslims believe
 ...

A Black Corps d'Elite

An Egyptian Sudanese Conscript Battalion with the French Army in Mexico, 1863-1867, and its Survivors in Subsequent African History

For several years, the armies of Napoleon III deployed some 450 Muslim Sudanese slave soldiers in Veracruz, the port of Mexico City. As in the other case of Western hemisphere military slavery (the West India Regiments, a British unit in existence 1795-1815), the Sudanese were imported from Africa in the hopes that they would better survive the tropical diseases that so terribly afflicted European soldiers. In both cases, the Africans did indeed fulfill these expectations. The mixture of cultures embodied by this event has piqued the interest of several historians, so it is by no means unknown. Hill and Hogg provide a particularly thorough account of this exotic interlude, explaining its background, looking in detail at the battle record in Mexico, and figuring out who exactly made up the battalion. Much in their account is odd and interesting, for example, the Sudanese superiority to Austrian troops and their festive nine-day spree in Paris on the emperor's tab. The authors also assess the episode's longer-term impact on the Sudan, showing that the veterans of Mexico, having learnt much from their extended exposure to French military practices, rose quickly in the ranks, then taught these methods to others.

1865;M.M.1867. Marjan Yusuf Husam al-Din, pte. 1863; pte. 1 cl. 1863; cpl. 1867;
MM. (one wound) 1867; w.o. 1867. Marzouth [?Marzuk) Muhammad Mahlad [?
Makhiad], pte. 1863; pte. 1 cl. 1863; cpl. 1865; died in hsp. La Soledad, 9
November 1865. Muhammad 'Abd a)-Rahman, pte. 1863; sgt. 1867. Muhammad '
Abduh, pte. 1863; pte. 1 cl. 1863; csm. 1867. Muhammad Ahmad, pte. 1863; sgt.
1867.3 Muhammad 'Ali 'Abd ...

The Death and Life of Malcolm X

Drawing from interviews with Malcolm X and the recollections of his friends and associates, the author illuminates the struggles of the Black leader during his last years and the events surrounding his assassination

But, for all his deferences to Mr. Muhammad, the attention to Malcolm continued;
and, whether for himself or the greater glory of the Nation, he loved it only too
well. He complained in the Autobiography that his home phone number "
somehow" got out to the press; it got out because he gave it out, along with
alternate business numbers at the local Muhammad Speaks office and the
Muslim restaurant in case he was out when we called. "A break was inevitable,"
one friend said. "An older ...

Philosophy in the Islamic World

A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps

Peter Adamson presents the first full history of philosophy in the Islamic world for a broad readership. He traces its development from early Islam to the 20th century, ranging from Spain to South Asia, featuring Jewish and Christian thinkers as well as Muslim. Major figures like Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides are covered in great detail, but the book also looks at less familiar thinkers, including women philosophers. Attention is also given to thephilosophical relevance of Islamic theology (kalam) and mysticism--the Sufi tradition within Islam, and Kabbalah among Jews--and to science, with chapters on disciplines like optics and astronomy. The first partof the book looks at the blossoming of Islamic theology and responses to the Greek philosophical tradition in the world of Arabic learning, the second discusses philosophy in Muslim Spain (Andalusia), and a third section looks in unusual detail at later developments, touching on philosophy in the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires.

somewhere, and recently confirmed with forty-five seconds or so of intensive
research on the internet, that the most common given name in the world is
Muhammad. Apparently the most common surname is Chang, which to my mind
raises the question of why we don't run into more people named Muhammad
Chang. The reason for the popularity of the name Muhammad, at least, is clear
enough: many Muslim parents name their boys after the Prophet. Statistically
speaking, then, it's ...

CultureShock! Saudi Arabia

A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette

CultureShock! Saudi Arabia provides an insight into living and working in a kingdom where Islam governs almost every aspect of life. Uncover the true psyche of the Saudi people—the men clad in their thobes and gutra and women in their abayas—and their unique way of life, a lifestyle which foreigners may find alien and a challenge to cope with. Containing valuable information not only on the practical aspects of settling in, this book will give tips on how best to integrate into Saudi society. Learn about Saudi laws and be aware of what might get you thrown in jail or under the executioner’s axe. CultureShock! Saudi Arabia is essential for anyone who wants to fully understand this Islamic country and get the most out of his or her stay in the kingdom.

Nevertheless, Muhammad's religious revival started unpromisingly. Like Christ
before him, Muhammad found his life threatened by the establishment. The
merchants of Mecca regarded Muhammad as a dangerous radical. But unlike
Christ who paid for religious dissidence with his life, Muhammad retreated about
400 km (250 miles) north of Mecca to the city of Medina, where religious ideas
were more fluid and the establishment less entrenched. Muhammad arrived in
Medina on 24 ...

Islamophobia

Making Muslims the Enemy

In an era when many Americans wonder whether Islam and the West inherently must clash, "Islamophobia" explores how this view in part derives from centuries-old stereotypes of Muslims as violent, oppressive, and intolerant.

Although there was no centrally planned program of disinformation, the
disparagement commonly focused on three elements of Islam: the person of
Muhammad, the message of the Quran, and the character of Muslim societies.
While Christian writers certainly chose a topic sensitive for Muslims when they
condemned Muhammad, they did so with a misperception of his role for most
Muslims. It is true that no person has as much stature for most Muslims as
Muhammad. As recipient of ...

The Laughing Jesus

Religious Lies and Gnostic Wisdom

Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy, authors of The Jesus Mysteries and Jesus and the Lost Goddess, return with a powerful indictment of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic fundamentalism and a passionate reinterpretation of Gnostic spirituality. According to Freke and Gandy, religiously inspired acts of violence, such as the attacks on 9/11, are nothing new. They are the continuation of a long and bloody history of brutality caused by mistaking bizarre old books for the Word of God. The time has come to end religious intolerance and wake up to oneness by rediscovering the Gnostic way of transforming oneself and the world. Freke and Gandy's Incendiary New Book Is a Wake-Up Call to the World What if the Old Testament is a work of fiction, Jesus never existed, and Muhammad was a mobster? What if the Bible and the Qur’an are works of political propaganda created by Taliban-like fundamentalists to justify the sort of religious violence we are witnessing in the world today? What if there is a big idea that could free us from the us-versus-them world created by religion and make it possible for us to truly love our neighbors—and even our enemies? What if it is possible to awaken to a profound state of oneness and love, which the Gnostic Christians symbolized by the enigmatic figure of the laughing Jesus? Discover for Yourself Why the Gnostic Jesus Laughs From the Hardcover edition.

With God personally directing him, Muhammad inspired an Islamic community of
pious Muslims that grew in power and influence. In a few short years Muhammad
became a great military leader, defeating the enemies of God and establishing
an Islamic empire. 'Islam' means 'surrender', and through Muhammad, God calls
on all humanity to surrender to his divine will and recognise his chosen Prophet.
At the end of his life Muhammad left Arabia at night on a flying horse. He stopped
 ...

The World of Late Antiquity

From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad

" ... These centuries, as the author demonstrates, were the era in which the most deeply rooted of ancient institutions disappeared for all time. By 476 the Russian empire had vanished from western Europe; by 655 the Persian empire had vanished from the Near East. Mr. Brown, Professor of History at Princeton University, examines these changes and men's reactions to them, but his account shows that the period was also one of outstanding new beginnings and defines the far-reaching impact both of Christianity on Europe and of Islam on the Near East. The result is a lucid answer to a crucial question in world history; how the exceptionally homogeneous Mediterranean world of c. 200 A.D. became divided into the three mutually estranged societies of the Middle Ages: Catholic Western Europe, Byzantium, and Islam. We still live with the results of these contrasts.""--Publisher description.

Islam in Context

Past, Present, and Future

In recent months, much attention has been paid to Islam and the greater Muslim world. Some analysis has been openly hostile, while even more has been overly simplistic. Islam in Context goes behind the recent crisis to discuss the history of Islam, describe its basic structure and beliefs, explore the current division between Muslim moderates and extremists, and suggest a way forward. Authors Peter G. Riddell and Peter Cotterell draw from sources such as the Qur'an, early Christian chronicles of the Crusades, and contemporary Muslim and non-Muslim writings. They move beyond the stereotypes of Muhammad-both idealized and negative-and argue against the myth that relatively recent events in the Middle East are the only cause for the clash between Islam and the West. Riddell and Cotterell ask the non-Muslim world to attempt to understand Islam from the perspective of Muslims and to acknowledge past mistakes. At the same time, they challenge the Muslim world by suggesting that Islam stands today at a vital crossroads and only Muslims can forge the way forward. Islam in Context will appeal to all those who are interested in an alternative to the easily packaged descriptions of the relationship between Islam and the West.

Muhammad died on a Monday and was buried the next day. Abu Bakr—father of
Aisha (Muhammad's favorite wife), the companion of Muhammad during the
withdrawal to Madina, and leader of the Friday mosque prayers during
Muhammad's illness—did not actually become Muhammad's successor. Instead,
he became the leader of the Muslims and so also of the Arab people, their caliph,
the first of four caliphs who would come to be called the Four Rightly Guided
Caliphs. But the ...