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Exploring Third-grade Students' Ability to Express Their Views on Contemporary Social Issues Following Read-aloud Book Discussions

Study results provided teachers with additional information and strategies to strengthen the read aloud, improve the quality of students' discussions, and enable students to become more effective writers.

Many were concerned with listening skills related to reading such as
understanding vocabulary, or prediction questions with an emphasis on
comprehending the text rather than the sensitive issue. Occasionally, an
aesthetic question based on ...

Students as Historians: The Historical Narrative Inquiry Model's Impact on Historical Thinking and Historical Empathy

The dissertation explores middle-school students' abilities to engage in historical thinking. I dispute the Hallam-Piaget model, which discourages analytical thinking through the assumption that children lack skills to think critically about history. My historical narrative inquiry model (1) teaches procedural knowledge (the process of "doing" history); (2) enhances interpretative skills; (3) cultivates historical perspectives based upon evidentiary history; and (4) encourages student authorship of historical narratives. In the fall semester of 2006, with a classroom of twenty-five seventh-graders, I initiated a research study designed to explore the impact of the historical narrative inquiry model through a sequence of thirty-two lessons. The lessons involved small- and large-group activities, including oral presentations, discussions about primary documents, and consideration of the relation between narratology and the creation of written history. Students generated their own historical narratives in order to articulate their perspectives. Eight students having varied reading-level proficiency served as primary participants in the study. Each of these students received pre- and post-intervention interviews. Outcomes reflected the enhancement of pedagogy intended to facilitate historical thinking and historical empathy in the classroom.

I presented the seventh-graders in the study with a variety of secondary
narratives and autobiographical accounts relative to the experiences of people in
the Texas Revolution ... Their written essays displayed varying degrees of
sophistication, depending upon the students' reading and writing abilities.
Recognizing and understanding what a historical narrative is proved the most
problematic. ... from fiction and other narrative texts) may have alleviated the
students' misunderstandings.

Exploring Students' Perceptions of Opportunities for Transfer: Four Case Studies of Students' Transitions Within a First-year Writing Sequence

In response to the ongoing debates within Rhetoric and Composition as to how first-year composition courses can best prepare students---if they can at all---for writing in other settings, a number of recent studies in the field have focused on the issue of knowledge transfer. Defined for this study as the application of prior knowledge to a new context, transfer may be becoming a key point of research for these debates in first-year writing instruction. One of the major concerns with regard to such research in transfer is that students often have difficulty seeing opportunities to transfer their knowledge to new contexts, typically needing assistance from teachers or more experienced peers to even realize that transfer is possible.

APPENDIX G: WRITING-BASED KNOLWEDGE TO BE CONSIDERED Key
concepts, skills, and strategies emphasized in English 101 and (often) in 102.
172 ... in a text Identifying qualifiers and their rhetorical nature Understanding of
Argumentation Ability to anticipate and address counterarguments effectively
Understanding the role of making concessions Narrative Understanding of Form
o ...

A Model for Improving Reading and Literacy Skills Among Middle School Students

Students without basic reading and literacy skills have problems in college, in the job market, and in understanding societal issues. However, there is a lack of consensus among reading specialists on how best to assist middle school students struggling with reading. This qualitative research study applied a modified Delphi exploration technique to develop a best practices model, as identified by 25 experts in the field of reading and literacy, for middle school educators to improve the reading and literacy skills of students and reduce the summer learning loss of children who are economically disadvantaged. This study sought to understand what pedagogical facilitation practices could be applied to increase reading and literacy among middle school students, how schools can adjust their school years, what challenges are involved in improving literacy and reading levels, and how schools can provide summer school programs to improve literacy. Qualitative data gathered from the seed questions were organized using NVivo software. During the analysis, a line-by-line examination of the data was conducted, leading to the revelation of themes according to the participants' responses, which were then used to develop a survey to gain consensus from the experts. The results of the study indicated that teachers and administrators can likely achieve positive social change by developing positive communication between the school and home environment; by extending, and in some cases requiring, summer school programs; and by initiating more tutorial programs, such as Literacy 180, to assist middle school children who are lagging behind their peers.

Struggling readers are not capable of making gains in comprehension and
reading development skills because they ... instruction that initially teaches word
meaning by application in meaningful narrative and expository text (McKeown,
1993).

The Effects of Explicit Instruction of Expository Text Structure Incorporating Graphic Organizers on the Comprehension of Third-grade Students

Findings from this study revealed third-grade students can improve their expository text comprehension when given explicit instruction incorporating graphic organizers. Further, this study suggested the importance of creating a collaborative environment with appropriate scaffolded instruction. Outcomes in rhetorical pattern knowledge, graphic organizers, and scaffolded instruction, all support future research concerning pedagogically sound instructional methods for providing expository text instruction to students of all ages.

Success in work and society depends largely upon the ability to comprehend this
type of text (Duffy & Roehler, 1989; Durkin, 1993). However, there is ample
research to suggest that many children are not learning to read and write
expository ...

A Critical Examination of the READ 180 Program Among a Sample of English as a Second Language Students and Special Education Students

Three research questions were addressed. Are there differences in the outcome measures across the intervention group and the comparison group conditions? Are there differences in the outcome measures between the ESL and special education groups? And are there differences in the outcome measures across a selected set of demographic variables, including gender and race?

Story structure is a procedure used extensively in reading comprehension of
narrative texts. ... content and organization of stories thus improves
comprehension of stories as measured by the ability of the reader to answer
questions and recall ...

The Relative Effects of Reading Interventions on Reading and Understanding from Science Text for High School Students with Learning Disabilities

High school teachers require their students to gain information independently from text; however, up to 40% of high school students are unable to do so. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the need for teaching reading at the secondary level. Twenty tenth-graders with learning disabilities participated in this study. The independent variable was the type of reading intervention: text reading, vocabulary learning, a combination or text reading and vocabulary learning, and no intervention. The dependent variables were reading fluency, vocabulary knowledge, and science knowledge. Student participants were assigned to conditions in a counter-balanced order using a within-subject design, and passages were coupled with intervention so that each passage appeared equally across interventions. Instructional reading passages were taken from a standard biology text, and treatment was conducted on these passages only. Two weeks following treatment, measures on generalization passages were taken. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results from this study could have implications in furthering the body of research for teaching reading to adolescents.

Two of the measures included 10 comprehension questions from the narrative
passages only; no comprehension questions were included on the science
passages. ... Students practiced the strategy by first using the narrative passages
written at their ability level and then proceeding through increasingly ... A
generalization probe on reading fluency only was obtained on the grade level
science text.

Code-based Reading Intervention Strategy Versus Comprehension-based Reading Intervention Use to Increase Students' Reading Comprehension as Measured by STAR Reading Test for Middle School Students

The purpose of this study was to determine whether code-based reading intervention strategy or comprehension-based reading intervention strategy increase students' reading comprehension as measured by the Standardized Test for the Assessment of Reading (STAR) for middle school students. The population included 120 students enrolled in a rural middle school in the state of South Carolina. The students involved in this study were given a pretest and posttest using the STAR Reading Test.

The phonological process deals with the ability of students to master the rules
that governs pronunciation. ... How Vocabulary Increases Reading
Comprehension Levels An increase in prior vocabulary for students who have
been identified as ...

Integrating the Lived Experiences of Mexican Families in the Delivery of Public Child Welfare Services

This study aimed to understand Mexican families' experiences and interactions with the public child welfare system from the perspective of Mexican parents and child welfare workers. Grounded theory, a qualitative method, was used as the focus of this study is on a population that has not been well studied within the context of the child welfare system and because the focus is on the case process. In-depth semi-structured interviews were completed with 19 parents and 14 child welfare workers.

Familismo is based in a collectivist view as there is a focus on family values and
family well- being rather than on individual ... Marin (1989) states that
personalismo poses great value on personal character and inner qualities, and
represents a ...

Integrating Contemplative and Student-centered Education: A Synergistic Approach to Deep Learning

Given the wide diversity of higher education institutions, it is neither practical nor necessarily advisable to incorporate a spiritual/contemplative dimension into every program and institution. The research findings in this dissertation indicate, however, that higher education practitioners who are seeking ways to promote deep student learning should consider exploring the option of integrating spiritual/contemplative and student-centered educational approaches.

... concept and a practice, CIIS has been able to focus community attention on its
"essential values and character, its distinctive elements, its place in the higher
education community, and its relationship to society at large" (WASC Standard 1).